Monitoring and evaluating resilience investments: Frameworks, methods and tools

Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) are essential for projects and resilience investments, responding to the overarching outcomes from M&E: to learn, measure and understand (Berriett-Solliec et al., 2014). That is, M&E helps to understand whether projects or investments are achieving or have achieved what they set out to achieve and can improve implementation and provides learnings for similar future projects (World Bank, 2017).

This guidance aims to provide processes and questions that end-users can utilise to undertake monitoring and evaluation of resilience investments, and ensure learning from those processes. It has been developed by reviewing and analysing 95 documents on resilience investment and 39 interviews with end-users in areas related to emergency management, climate adaptation, infrastructure, built environment and other connected areas on the local, state and national level (see Hosseinioon et al., 2025).

The developed guidance aims to support monitoring and evaluating the implementation of principles and recommendations for prioritising urban resilience investment that have been developed in a previous report (Hosseinioon et al., 2025) as seen in Appendix 1.

This guidance document is structured as follows. Section 1 introduces monitoring and evaluation of resilience investment. Section 2 describes common tools for monitoring and evaluation. Section 3 presents guidance for monitoring and evaluation in five elements. The tables and checklists of these elements are listed in Appendix 2 for a quick overview.